In the last post, we looked at 8 payment methods you can use to pay your Chinese suppliers. In this post, I will look at “Payment Terms” that go along with the choice of payment method & factors influencing the negotiation of payment terms.

Payment Terms

It is important not to confuse “Payment Terms” here with “Trade Terms” (FOB, CIF, etc.). “Payment Terms” include:

• The choice of payment method
• The timing of the payment
• Whether there is a pre-payment required & the percentage of the pre-payment

The combination of the factors above dictates the proportion of risk each party takes & the negotiation power buyers have in case disputes arise. Ideally, in every transaction, there would be a 50-50 sharing of risk but in practice, that is hardly the case.

Factors Influencing Leverage in Payment Terms Negotiations

When negotiating with suppliers on payment terms, it is extremely important to know how much leverage you have before starting the negotiation. Some of the key factors that dictate your “leverage” are:

• Order Value
• Purchase History
• Supplier scale
• Credit Rating of your Company
• Local presence in China
• Supplier’s order book
• Supplier’s risk Appetite

Value of your order:

This is probably the most important factor. The higher your order value is, the more leverage you have in terms of getting preferred payment terms. “High” is relative to the size of the supplier, so $30,000 could be high for a wholesaler but low for a high-end factory.

Purchase history with the supplier:

This is another important factor and usually works in conjunction with the “Value of the order”, i.e. if your order size represents significant business for your supplier & you have a good “purchase history” with a supplier, you are normally in a good business position to re-negotiate payment terms relative to what you may have been offered the first time around.

The scale of the supplier:

Large suppliers, monopolies (small & large) & state-owned companies tend to be a lot less flexible about payment terms. The only exception to this rule is if the buyer’s purchase value & volume represents a fairly large share of the supplier’s business & even in that case there is little leverage with monopolies.

Scale/Brand/Credit Rating of your company:

The scale of the buyer relative to the supplier is also a crucial factor. If you are Disney or Coca-Cola, you can literally dictate payment terms to suppliers. These are global brands, however well-known local & regional brands that have a good market reputation often have considerable flexibility in terms of payment terms, which is one of the key reasons it is advisable for new importers to look for “niche markets” or at least avoid competing on “Price” with the big-boys.

Local Presence in China:

Having a local presence in China often helps get better payment terms, especially in terms of lower upfront deposits & credit. If a supplier knows you have a physical presence in China in the form of an office that has been around for a while, it can make a much bigger difference than a lot of Western clients expect.

Supplier’s current order book:

Order books of suppliers, especially small & medium end suppliers can fluctuate a lot. Factories that do not have enough business at a given time, tend to be more flexible on payment terms because they need business to avoid other internal issues, such as labourers leaving the factory due to lack of “overtime opportunities”.

Under such pressure, factories would often work at reduced margins & are more likely to offer preferable payment terms.

Industry Competition:

Payment terms tend to be more negotiable in industries with high fragmentation, for e.g. furniture, computer accessories, etc. primarily due to excess supply.

Supplier’s risk appetite:

Another key factor when it comes to getting favourable payment terms is a supplier’s risk appetite & growth targets. Suppliers looking to aggressively grow their businesses will often give preferable terms in order to attract more business.

Negotiating Payment Terms with Suppliers

Most of the negotiations around payment terms mainly revolve around the three key elements discussed above. Normally once the payment terms are agreed upon on the first transaction they stay in place for a while.

“However, after you have had a few shipments from a supplier, and have invested in a good relationship & especially if you have gradually increased volumes over time, there is often a window to re-negotiate payment terms & get more preferable terms. Many importers fail to capitalise on this opportunity and continue working on the same terms for years.”

It is important to keep in mind that most of the factors mentioned above work in unison & there could be other factors that influence a particular supplier’s stance, such as the supplier’s cash flow situation, production targets in order to meet economies of scale, etc.

However, having a basic understanding of where you stand in negotiation and why, goes a long way in ensuring that you don’t lose good suppliers due to negotiating too hard with suppliers and at the same time don’t lose negotiation opportunities due to being too soft.

Large suppliers & state-owned companies, usually work on their terms for small orders, and small suppliers or factories desperately in need of business, often accommodate riskier payment terms, especially for large buyers.

Negotiating too hard on payment terms, as a small buyer with a large company is something I have seen quite often & one of the reasons why buyers complain a lot of Chinese suppliers do not reply back to emails. (It is not considered polite to say “No” in Chinese culture, but that’s a topic for another day).

Payment Terms & Supplier’s Risk Management

I notice a lot of discussions on business forums focused on preventing fraud from happening to the “buyer”, however, it is extremely important to realize that cases of fraud happen to sellers too and therefore, there are many “genuine” sellers, who might not always agree to your preferred payment methods, especially for the first few orders, simply because they are trying to manage their risk too.

There are also many logistical reasons why suppliers may refuse to accept your preferred payment method, for e.g. bureaucratic hurdles in claiming funds. I feel the need to mention this, as I have seen numerous posts where importers conclude that a seller is likely, not genuine because he refuses to accept “Paypal” for samples or is dodgy because they insist on “Western Union”.

Inversely, there is a perception that certain payment methods are very safe and hence there is little need for “due diligence” on the supplier. A great example of this is Letters of Credit. I have seen more cases of fraud with LC than probably any other payment method out there.

Amount of Pre-Payment

The choice of “Payment Method” is a very individual choice and hence would depend on your circumstances as well as the combination of factors discussed above. However, the timing of payment & amount of pre-payment is two levers that can be effectively used for risk management, if you have some leverage or if you negotiate effectively.

As a general rule of thumb, unless you are using LC or one of the higher-risk payment options for the seller such as DA or DP, the suppliers would ask for a pre-payment by TT (or payment methods). The main point of negotiation when paying a supplier by TT is the percentage of payment to be paid upfront.

The general standard in China for this tends to be 30% prepayment & 70% upon completion of production, however, there can be variations in some industries. While 30% would almost always be the standard for new importers, once you have done a few shipments with the supplier, you can try and negotiate this down.

In cases, where your product is “unique” or customized the advance may be higher, normally 50%. This is because the supplier’s risk is higher in such cases, as if the importer defaults, the supplier is stuck with stock that is difficult to move due to the customization.

Timing of Balance Payment

The second important factor other than the pre-payment percentage is the “timing” of the balance payment. This is something that many new importers and often experienced ones tend to miss during negotiations. A lot of the PI’s & contracts tend to be silent or ambiguous on this.

When you pay the balance depends on the trade term & the agreement between the importer & the exporter but when a proforma invoice or contract reads, “Balance on Completion”, this could mean:

• After completion of production but before shipment
• After completed goods pass pre-shipment inspection or
• Against a BL copy, i.e. after the container has sailed

Being clear on this upfront can play an important role in risk management. As a minimum risk management measure, a pre-shipment inspection should be employed before the balance is paid to the supplier.

Structuring payment terms carefully & choosing the right payment method can be effective levers for risk management in international trade, especially in terms of management of payment & quality risk. I would love to hear your experiences & stories of payment terms negotiations with your suppliers in China.